우리는 여전히 그리려고 했던 점을 볼 수 없습니다.
왜 그럴까요?
우리는 무엇을 할지에 대한 명령어 목록을 작성했지만, 아직 누구에게도 전달하여 실행하게 하지 않았습니다.
또 무엇이 일어나야 할까요?
이 명령어 목록을 큐에 전달해야 합니다.
어떤 목록을요? (우리는 여러 커맨드 버퍼를 만들었습니다. 스왑체인의 각 이미지마다 하나씩이죠.)
“올바른” 스왑체인 이미지를 위한 것, 즉 현재 차례인 이미지를 위한 것입니다.
새로운 작업 순서는 다음과 같습니다: 스왑체인에서 현재 이미지를 가져오고(“획득acquire”), 커맨드 버퍼를 제출하고, 이미지를 다시 스왑체인으로 돌려보내 화면에 그리게 합니다(“프레젠테이션present”).
한 가지 문제가 있을 수 있습니다: 만약 아직 그려지고 있는 이미지를 획득하려고 한다면 어떨까요? 아직 그려지고 있는 이미지를 화면에 표시한다면요? 그리 좋아 보이지 않습니다. 다른 누군가가 동시에 작업하고 있는 객체에 대해 작업하지 않도록 주의해야 합니다. 우리는 다른 행위자들의 작업 동기화에 신경 써야 합니다.
누구의 작업을 동기화해야 할까요? 우선, CPU(우리의 애플리케이션)와 GPU(Vulkan에 보낸 모든 커맨드) 사이의 작업입니다. 하지만 GPU에서 일어나는 다른 작업들 사이에서도 동기화가 필요합니다. GPU는 많은 작업을 병렬로 처리하며, 우리가 특정 지시를 내리지 않는 한 우리가 내린 커맨드들이 무작위 순서로 실행될 것이라고 가정하는 것이 좋습니다. (사실, 꽤 많은 경우에 이 커맨드들은 올바른 순서로 시작되도록 보장되지만, 어떤 순서로 완료될지는 완전히 열려 있습니다.) Vulkan은 우리가 필요한 모든 동기화를 처리하기를 기대합니다.
동기화 객체에는 여러 종류가 있으며, 얼마나 방해가 되는지(동기화는 누군가가 작업을 계속하기 전에 기다려야 함을 의미합니다) 또는 무엇에 특화되어 있는지(CPU/GPU? 이미지 접근? 등)에 따라 다릅니다.
여기서 “준비되기 전에 표시하는” 것과 같은 문제를 피하기 위해 필요한 것은 세마포어(Semaphore)입니다. 세마포어는 다음과 같은 종류의 지시를 가능하게 합니다: “이 작업들이 끝나면 신호를 보내라” 그리고 “다음 작업을 시작하기 전에 이 신호가 올 때까지 기다려라”. 즉, “신호됨(signaled)” 또는 “신호되지 않음(unsignaled)” 상태를 가진 것입니다(이진 세마포어). (증가하는 카운터를 가진 다른 유형, “타임라인 세마포어”도 있습니다.) 이것들은 GPU의 다른 단계들을 동기화하기 위한 것입니다.
코드에 몇 개 추가해 봅시다. 다른 스왑체인 관련 항목들과 함께 이미지 및 프레임버퍼에 넣겠습니다:
struct SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader: ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain,
swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
images: Vec<vk::Image>,
imageviews: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,
surface_format: vk::SurfaceFormatKHR,
extent: vk::Extent2D,
image_available: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
rendering_finished: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
amount_of_images: u32,
current_image: usize,
}
(그리고 몰래 amount라는 별도의 멤버도 삽입했습니다. 이미지/이미지뷰/프레임버퍼 중 하나의 .len()을 항상 호출하고 싶지 않아서인데, 이전에 어딘가에서 그래야만 했습니다. 그리고 현재 그리고 있는 이미지가 어떤 것인지 추적하기 위한 또 다른 필드도 추가했습니다.)
생성을 위해서는 SemaphoreCreateInfo가 필요하지만, 실제로는 채울 내용이 없습니다. 세마포어의 흥미로운 부분은 생성 시 주어지는 정보가 아니라, 신호를 받았는지 여부의 문제입니다. — 그리고 언제 신호를 받아야 하는지는 아직 미리 말할 필요가 없습니다.
결과적으로 코드는 그리 흥미롭지 않습니다. 정리(cleanup)도 필요하다는 점을 명시하고 SwapchainDongXi의 메서드에 대한 전체 코드를 포함하겠습니다.
impl SwapchainDongXi {
fn init(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
logical_device: &ash::Device,
surfaces: &SurfaceDongXi,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
queues: &Queues,
) -> Result<SwapchainDongXi, vk::Result> {
let surface_capabilities = surfaces.get_capabilities(physical_device)?;
let extent = surface_capabilities.current_extent;
let surface_present_modes = surfaces.get_present_modes(physical_device)?;
let surface_format = *surfaces.get_formats(physical_device)?.first().unwrap();
let queuefamilies = [queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap()];
let swapchain_create_info = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::builder()
.surface(surfaces.surface)
.min_image_count(
3.max(surface_capabilities.min_image_count)
.min(surface_capabilities.max_image_count),
)
.image_format(surface_format.format)
.image_color_space(surface_format.color_space)
.image_extent(extent)
.image_array_layers(1)
.image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
.image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
.queue_family_indices(&queuefamilies)
.pre_transform(surface_capabilities.current_transform)
.composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
.present_mode(vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO);
let swapchain_loader = ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain::new(instance, logical_device);
let swapchain = unsafe { swapchain_loader.create_swapchain(&swapchain_create_info, None)? };
let swapchain_images = unsafe { swapchain_loader.get_swapchain_images(swapchain)? };
let amount_of_images = swapchain_images.len() as u32;
let mut swapchain_imageviews = Vec::with_capacity(swapchain_images.len());
for image in &swapchain_images {
let subresource_range = vk::ImageSubresourceRange::builder()
.aspect_mask(vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR)
.base_mip_level(0)
.level_count(1)
.base_array_layer(0)
.layer_count(1);
let imageview_create_info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::builder()
.image(*image)
.view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
.format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
.subresource_range(*subresource_range);
let imageview =
unsafe { logical_device.create_image_view(&imageview_create_info, None) }?;
swapchain_imageviews.push(imageview);
}
let mut image_available = vec![];
let mut rendering_finished = vec![];
let semaphoreinfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder();
for _ in 0..amount_of_images {
let semaphore_available =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
let semaphore_finished =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
image_available.push(semaphore_available);
rendering_finished.push(semaphore_finished);
}
Ok(SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader,
swapchain,
images: swapchain_images,
imageviews: swapchain_imageviews,
framebuffers: vec![],
surface_format,
extent,
amount_of_images,
current_image:0,
image_available,
rendering_finished,
})
}
fn create_framebuffers(
&mut self,
logical_device: &ash::Device,
renderpass: vk::RenderPass,
) -> Result<(), vk::Result> {
for iv in &self.imageviews {
let iview = [*iv];
let framebuffer_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::builder()
.render_pass(renderpass)
.attachments(&iview)
.width(self.extent.width)
.height(self.extent.height)
.layers(1);
let fb = unsafe { logical_device.create_framebuffer(&framebuffer_info, None) }?;
self.framebuffers.push(fb);
}
Ok(())
}
unsafe fn cleanup(&mut self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
for semaphore in &self.image_available {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.rendering_finished {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for fb in &self.framebuffers {
logical_device.destroy_framebuffer(*fb, None);
}
for iv in &self.imageviews {
logical_device.destroy_image_view(*iv, None);
}
self.swapchain_loader
.destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None)
}
}
스왑체인에서 이미지를 획득할 때, 화면에 프레젠테이션이 아직 끝나지 않았을 가능성이 있습니다. 명세는 명시적으로 우리에게 숙제를 줍니다: “표시 가능한 이미지를 획득한 후, 그리고 그것을 수정하기 전에, 애플리케이션은 동기화 프리미티브를 사용하여 프레젠테이션 엔진이 이미지에서 읽는 것을 완료했는지 확인해야 합니다”:
더 많은 동기화가 필요합니다.
또 다른 세마포어일까요? 아니요, 이번에는 GPU와 CPU 간의 동기화이며, 이를 위한 “세마포어”는 다른 이름을 가지고 있습니다: 그것들은 “펜스(fence)”이며, 단순히 “다음 작업을 하기 전에 이 세마포어가 신호를 보낼 때까지 기다리세요”라는 명령어를 포함하는 대신, 애플리케이션 코드에서 펜스의 상태를 명시적으로 물어볼 수 있습니다.
struct SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader: ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain,
swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
images: Vec<vk::Image>,
imageviews: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,
surface_format: vk::SurfaceFormatKHR,
extent: vk::Extent2D,
image_available: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
rendering_finished: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
may_begin_drawing: Vec<vk::Fence>,
amount_of_images: u32,
current_image: usize,
}
생성 시, 펜스는 기본적으로 신호되지 않은(unsignaled) 상태입니다. 여기서는 적절하지 않습니다; 처음에는 기다릴 프레젠테이션이 없습니다. 그러니 신호된(signaled) 펜스를 만듭시다:
let fenceinfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED);
아니, 여러 개를 만들어야죠:
let mut image_available = vec![];
let mut rendering_finished = vec![];
let mut may_begin_drawing = vec![];
let semaphoreinfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder();
let fenceinfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED);
for _ in 0..amount_of_images {
let semaphore_available =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
let semaphore_finished =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
image_available.push(semaphore_available);
rendering_finished.push(semaphore_finished);
let fence = unsafe { logical_device.create_fence(&fenceinfo, None) }?;
may_begin_drawing.push(fence);
}
그리고 정리하는 것을 잊지 맙시다:
unsafe fn cleanup(&mut self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
for fence in &self.may_begin_drawing {
logical_device.destroy_fence(*fence, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.image_available {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.rendering_finished {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for fb in &self.framebuffers {
logical_device.destroy_framebuffer(*fb, None);
}
for iv in &self.imageviews {
logical_device.destroy_image_view(*iv, None);
}
self.swapchain_loader
.destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None)
}
이것으로 동기화는 처리되었습니다.
이제, 이 부분으로 넘어가 봅시다:
Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
//render here (later)
}
그리고 여기에 무언가 추가해 봅시다. 수많은 준비 끝에, 우리는 마침내 “나중을 위해 무언가 준비하라”나 “파괴하라” 이외의 다른 명령을 Vulkan에 제출해야 합니다. 첫째로 (아니, 어쩌면 마지막으로), 누구 차례인지 셉니다: 0번, 1번, 아니면 2번 세마포어와 펜스를 기다릴까요?
aetna.swapchain.current_image =
(aetna.swapchain.current_image + 1) % aetna.swapchain.amount_of_images as usize;
다음 이미지를 획득합니다. 이 명령어는 해당 벡터에서 사용할 이미지/프레임버퍼의 인덱스를 알려줍니다 (그리고 “스왑체인에 문제가 있나 (창 크기 변경으로 인해 무효화되는 등)?”라는 질문에도 답해줍니다. — 하지만 지금은 신경 쓰지 않습니다).
let (image_index, _) = unsafe {
aetna
.swapchain
.swapchain_loader
.acquire_next_image(
aetna.swapchain.swapchain,
std::u64::MAX,
aetna.swapchain.image_available[aetna.swapchain.current_image],
vk::Fence::null(),
)
.expect("image acquisition trouble")
};
첫 번째 인자는 스왑체인입니다; 두 번째는 대기 시간입니다: 만약 이미지를 찾을 수 없다면, 함수는 얼마나 기다려야 할까요? 나노초 단위로; 우리는 “필요한 만큼” 또는 가장 가까운 근사치를 사용합니다. 마지막 두 인자는 “이미지 획득” 실행이 완료되었을 때 신호를 보낼 세마포어와 펜스입니다. (둘 다에 “null”을 사용할 수는 없습니다.)
다음으로 펜스를 기다립니다 (이것 때문에 만들었죠):
aetna
.device
.wait_for_fences(
&[aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image]],
true,
std::u64::MAX,
)
.expect("fence-waiting");
이 명령어는 다시 최대 대기 시간을 예상하며, 그 외에는 펜스 배열을 받습니다. 얼마나 기다려야 할까요? 모든 펜스가 신호를 보낼 때까지? 아니면 적어도 하나가 신호를 보낼 때까지? 이것이 불리언 인자입니다: “모두 기다릴까?” — 펜스가 하나뿐인 한, 이것은 중요하지 않습니다. 펜스를 기다렸으니, 신호되지 않은 상태로 되돌려 놓아야 합니다:
aetna
.device
.reset_fences(&[
aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image]
])
.expect("resetting fences");
다음으로, 커맨드 버퍼를 제출합니다. 당연히 (이봐요, Vulkan이잖아요!), 이것은 SubmitInfo가 필요합니다:
let semaphores_available = [aetna.swapchain.image_available[aetna.swapchain.current_image]];
let waiting_stages = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT];
let semaphores_finished = [aetna.swapchain.rendering_finished[aetna.swapchain.current_image]];
let commandbuffers = [aetna.commandbuffers[image_index as usize]];
let submit_info = [vk::SubmitInfo::builder()
.wait_semaphores(&semaphores_available)
.wait_dst_stage_mask(&waiting_stages)
.command_buffers(&commandbuffers)
.signal_semaphores(&semaphores_finished)
.build()];
어떤 세마포어를 기다릴까요? 파이프라인의 어떤 단계(이전)에서 기다려야 할까요? 어떤 커맨드 버퍼를 제출할까요? 그리고: 실행 후에 어떤 세마포어에 신호를 보낼까요?
그런 다음 제출합니다 (나중에 펜스에 신호를 보내달라고 요청하면서):
unsafe {
aetna
.device
.queue_submit(
aetna.queues.graphics_queue,
&submit_info,
aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image],
)
.expect("queue submission");
};
아직 아무것도 보이지 않나요? 하지만 이미 그려졌습니다, 우리는 단지 화면에 표시하기만 하면 됩니다 (어떤 세마포어를 기다릴지, 어떤 스왑체인과 어떤 이미지를 사용할지 지정하면서):
let swapchains = [aetna.swapchain.swapchain];
let indices = [image_index];
let present_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::builder()
.wait_semaphores(&semaphores_finished)
.swapchains(&swapchains)
.image_indices(&indices);
unsafe {
aetna
.swapchain
.swapchain_loader
.queue_present(aetna.queues.graphics_queue, &present_info)
.expect("queue presentation");
};
그리고, 자랑스럽게 여러분께 선보입니다: 중앙에 빨간 점이 있는 어두운 화면입니다. 하지만 유효성 검사 레이어의 메시지를 잠시 확인해보면, 모든 것이 잘된 것은 아님을 알 수 있습니다:
[Debug][error][validation] "Attempt to destroy command pool with command buffer (0x565467d45650) which is in use. The Vulkan spec states: All
VkCommandBuffer objects allocated from commandPool must not be in the pending state.
(https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.1-extensions/html/vkspec.html#VUID-vkDestroyCommandPool-commandPool-00041)"
그리고 많은 유사한 오류 메시지가 나타납니다. 다행히, 그들은 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지에 대한 좋은 힌트를 줍니다: GPU가 여전히 객체들을 사용하고 있는 동안 갑작스럽게 파괴하려고 시도하고 있다는 것입니다. 더 많은 동기화가 필요한 것 같습니다. 이번에는 우리의 .drop() 함수에서요.
self.device
.device_wait_idle()
.expect("something wrong while waiting");
장치가 유휴 상태가 될 때까지 기다리는 것은 세마포어, 펜스 또는 나중에 만나게 될 다른 동기화 프리미티브보다 훨씬 덜 세밀한 동기화 도구이며, 느리고 피해야 할 것으로 생각해야 합니다. 하지만 프로그램을 종료하기 직전인 이 상황은 그것을 적용하기에 적절한 상황입니다.
Vulkan 설정을 처음부터 시작하고 싶지 않은 분들을 위해 이 지점은 시작하기에 합리적인 곳입니다. 따라서 main.rs뿐만 아니라 더 많은 코드를 포함하겠습니다. Cargo.toml의 dependencies 섹션:
[dependencies]
ash = "0.30.0"
winit = "0.22.0"
vk-shader-macros = "0.2.2"
shaders/shader.vert에 있는 정점 셰이더:
#version 450
void main() {
gl_PointSize=10.0;
gl_Position = vec4(0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0);
}
shaders/shader.frag에 있는 프래그먼트 셰이더:
#version 450
layout (location=0) out vec4 theColour;
void main(){
theColour= vec4(1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0);
}
use ash::version::DeviceV1_0;
use ash::version::EntryV1_0;
use ash::version::InstanceV1_0;
use ash::vk;
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let eventloop = winit::event_loop::EventLoop::new();
let window = winit::window::Window::new(&eventloop)?;
let mut aetna = Aetna::init(window)?;
use winit::event::{Event, WindowEvent};
eventloop.run(move |event, _, controlflow| match event {
Event::WindowEvent {
event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
..
} => {
*controlflow = winit::event_loop::ControlFlow::Exit;
}
Event::MainEventsCleared => {
// doing the work here (later)
aetna.window.request_redraw();
}
Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
let (image_index, _) = unsafe {
aetna
.swapchain
.swapchain_loader
.acquire_next_image(
aetna.swapchain.swapchain,
std::u64::MAX,
aetna.swapchain.image_available[aetna.swapchain.current_image],
vk::Fence::null(),
)
.expect("image acquisition trouble")
};
unsafe {
aetna
.device
.wait_for_fences(
&[aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image]],
true,
std::u64::MAX,
)
.expect("fence-waiting");
aetna
.device
.reset_fences(&[
aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image]
])
.expect("resetting fences");
}
let semaphores_available =
[aetna.swapchain.image_available[aetna.swapchain.current_image]];
let waiting_stages = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT];
let semaphores_finished =
[aetna.swapchain.rendering_finished[aetna.swapchain.current_image]];
let commandbuffers = [aetna.commandbuffers[image_index as usize]];
let submit_info = [vk::SubmitInfo::builder()
.wait_semaphores(&semaphores_available)
.wait_dst_stage_mask(&waiting_stages)
.command_buffers(&commandbuffers)
.signal_semaphores(&semaphores_finished)
.build()];
unsafe {
aetna
.device
.queue_submit(
aetna.queues.graphics_queue,
&submit_info,
aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image],
)
.expect("queue submission");
};
let swapchains = [aetna.swapchain.swapchain];
let indices = [image_index];
let present_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::builder()
.wait_semaphores(&semaphores_finished)
.swapchains(&swapchains)
.image_indices(&indices);
unsafe {
aetna
.swapchain
.swapchain_loader
.queue_present(aetna.queues.graphics_queue, &present_info)
.expect("queue presentation");
};
aetna.swapchain.current_image =
(aetna.swapchain.current_image + 1) % aetna.swapchain.amount_of_images as usize;
}
_ => {}
});
}
unsafe extern "system" fn vulkan_debug_utils_callback(
message_severity: vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT,
message_type: vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT,
p_callback_data: *const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT,
_p_user_data: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
) -> vk::Bool32 {
let message = std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*p_callback_data).p_message);
let severity = format!("{:?}", message_severity).to_lowercase();
let ty = format!("{:?}", message_type).to_lowercase();
println!("[Debug][{}][{}] {:?}", severity, ty, message);
vk::FALSE
}
fn init_instance(
entry: &ash::Entry,
layer_names: &[&str],
) -> Result<ash::Instance, ash::InstanceError> {
let enginename = std::ffi::CString::new("UnknownGameEngine").unwrap();
let appname = std::ffi::CString::new("The Black Window").unwrap();
let app_info = vk::ApplicationInfo::builder()
.application_name(&appname)
.application_version(vk::make_version(0, 0, 1))
.engine_name(&enginename)
.engine_version(vk::make_version(0, 42, 0))
.api_version(vk::make_version(1, 0, 106));
let layer_names_c: Vec<std::ffi::CString> = layer_names
.iter()
.map(|&ln| std::ffi::CString::new(ln).unwrap())
.collect();
let layer_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> = layer_names_c
.iter()
.map(|layer_name| layer_name.as_ptr())
.collect();
let extension_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> = vec![
ash::extensions::ext::DebugUtils::name().as_ptr(),
ash::extensions::khr::Surface::name().as_ptr(),
ash::extensions::khr::XlibSurface::name().as_ptr(),
];
let mut debugcreateinfo = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT::builder()
.message_severity(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::VERBOSE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR,
)
.message_type(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::GENERAL
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::PERFORMANCE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::VALIDATION,
)
.pfn_user_callback(Some(vulkan_debug_utils_callback));
let instance_create_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo::builder()
.push_next(&mut debugcreateinfo)
.application_info(&app_info)
.enabled_layer_names(&layer_name_pointers)
.enabled_extension_names(&extension_name_pointers);
unsafe { entry.create_instance(&instance_create_info, None) }
}
struct DebugDongXi {
loader: ash::extensions::ext::DebugUtils,
messenger: vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT,
}
impl DebugDongXi {
fn init(entry: &ash::Entry, instance: &ash::Instance) -> Result<DebugDongXi, vk::Result> {
let mut debugcreateinfo = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT::builder()
.message_severity(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::VERBOSE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::INFO
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR,
)
.message_type(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::GENERAL
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::PERFORMANCE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::VALIDATION,
)
.pfn_user_callback(Some(vulkan_debug_utils_callback));
let loader = ash::extensions::ext::DebugUtils::new(entry, instance);
let messenger = unsafe { loader.create_debug_utils_messenger(&debugcreateinfo, None)? };
Ok(DebugDongXi { loader, messenger })
}
}
impl Drop for DebugDongXi {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
self.loader
.destroy_debug_utils_messenger(self.messenger, None)
};
}
}
struct SurfaceDongXi {
xlib_surface_loader: ash::extensions::khr::XlibSurface,
surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
surface_loader: ash::extensions::khr::Surface,
}
impl SurfaceDongXi {
fn init(
window: &winit::window::Window,
entry: &ash::Entry,
instance: &ash::Instance,
) -> Result<SurfaceDongXi, vk::Result> {
use winit::platform::unix::WindowExtUnix;
let x11_display = window.xlib_display().unwrap();
let x11_window = window.xlib_window().unwrap();
let x11_create_info = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
.window(x11_window)
.dpy(x11_display as *mut vk::Display);
let xlib_surface_loader = ash::extensions::khr::XlibSurface::new(entry, instance);
let surface = unsafe { xlib_surface_loader.create_xlib_surface(&x11_create_info, None) }?;
let surface_loader = ash::extensions::khr::Surface::new(entry, instance);
Ok(SurfaceDongXi {
xlib_surface_loader,
surface,
surface_loader,
})
}
fn get_capabilities(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader
.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(physical_device, self.surface)
}
}
fn get_present_modes(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::PresentModeKHR>, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader
.get_physical_device_surface_present_modes(physical_device, self.surface)
}
}
fn get_formats(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR>, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader
.get_physical_device_surface_formats(physical_device, self.surface)
}
}
fn get_physical_device_surface_support(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
queuefamilyindex: usize,
) -> Result<bool, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader.get_physical_device_surface_support(
physical_device,
queuefamilyindex as u32,
self.surface,
)
}
}
}
impl Drop for SurfaceDongXi {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader.destroy_surface(self.surface, None);
}
}
}
fn init_physical_device_and_properties(
instance: &ash::Instance,
) -> Result<(vk::PhysicalDevice, vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties), vk::Result> {
let phys_devs = unsafe { instance.enumerate_physical_devices()? };
let mut chosen = None;
for p in phys_devs {
let properties = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_properties(p) };
if properties.device_type == vk::PhysicalDeviceType::DISCRETE_GPU {
chosen = Some((p, properties));
}
}
Ok(chosen.unwrap())
}
struct QueueFamilies {
graphics_q_index: Option<u32>,
transfer_q_index: Option<u32>,
}
impl QueueFamilies {
fn init(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
surfaces: &SurfaceDongXi,
) -> Result<QueueFamilies, vk::Result> {
let queuefamilyproperties =
unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(physical_device) };
let mut found_graphics_q_index = None;
let mut found_transfer_q_index = None;
for (index, qfam) in queuefamilyproperties.iter().enumerate() {
if qfam.queue_count > 0
&& qfam.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS)
&& surfaces.get_physical_device_surface_support(physical_device, index)?
{
found_graphics_q_index = Some(index as u32);
}
if qfam.queue_count > 0 && qfam.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::TRANSFER) {
if found_transfer_q_index.is_none()
|| !qfam.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS)
{
found_transfer_q_index = Some(index as u32);
}
}
}
Ok(QueueFamilies {
graphics_q_index: found_graphics_q_index,
transfer_q_index: found_transfer_q_index,
})
}
}
struct Queues {
graphics_queue: vk::Queue,
transfer_queue: vk::Queue,
}
fn init_device_and_queues(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
layer_names: &[&str],
) -> Result<(ash::Device, Queues), vk::Result> {
let layer_names_c: Vec<std::ffi::CString> = layer_names
.iter()
.map(|&ln| std::ffi::CString::new(ln).unwrap())
.collect();
let layer_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> = layer_names_c
.iter()
.map(|layer_name| layer_name.as_ptr())
.collect();
let priorities = [1.0f32];
let queue_infos = [
vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap())
.queue_priorities(&priorities)
.build(),
vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.transfer_q_index.unwrap())
.queue_priorities(&priorities)
.build(),
];
let device_extension_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> =
vec![ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain::name().as_ptr()];
let device_create_info = vk::DeviceCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_create_infos(&queue_infos)
.enabled_extension_names(&device_extension_name_pointers)
.enabled_layer_names(&layer_name_pointers);
let logical_device =
unsafe { instance.create_device(physical_device, &device_create_info, None)? };
let graphics_queue =
unsafe { logical_device.get_device_queue(queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap(), 0) };
let transfer_queue =
unsafe { logical_device.get_device_queue(queue_families.transfer_q_index.unwrap(), 0) };
Ok((
logical_device,
Queues {
graphics_queue,
transfer_queue,
},
))
}
struct SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader: ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain,
swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
images: Vec<vk::Image>,
imageviews: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,
surface_format: vk::SurfaceFormatKHR,
extent: vk::Extent2D,
image_available: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
rendering_finished: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
may_begin_drawing: Vec<vk::Fence>,
amount_of_images: u32,
current_image: usize,
}
impl SwapchainDongXi {
fn init(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
logical_device: &ash::Device,
surfaces: &SurfaceDongXi,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
queues: &Queues,
) -> Result<SwapchainDongXi, vk::Result> {
let surface_capabilities = surfaces.get_capabilities(physical_device)?;
let extent = surface_capabilities.current_extent;
let surface_present_modes = surfaces.get_present_modes(physical_device)?;
let surface_format = *surfaces.get_formats(physical_device)?.first().unwrap();
let queuefamilies = [queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap()];
let swapchain_create_info = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::builder()
.surface(surfaces.surface)
.min_image_count(
3.max(surface_capabilities.min_image_count)
.min(surface_capabilities.max_image_count),
)
.image_format(surface_format.format)
.image_color_space(surface_format.color_space)
.image_extent(extent)
.image_array_layers(1)
.image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
.image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
.queue_family_indices(&queuefamilies)
.pre_transform(surface_capabilities.current_transform)
.composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
.present_mode(vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO);
let swapchain_loader = ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain::new(instance, logical_device);
let swapchain = unsafe { swapchain_loader.create_swapchain(&swapchain_create_info, None)? };
let swapchain_images = unsafe { swapchain_loader.get_swapchain_images(swapchain)? };
let amount_of_images = swapchain_images.len() as u32;
let mut swapchain_imageviews = Vec::with_capacity(swapchain_images.len());
for image in &swapchain_images {
let subresource_range = vk::ImageSubresourceRange::builder()
.aspect_mask(vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR)
.base_mip_level(0)
.level_count(1)
.base_array_layer(0)
.layer_count(1);
let imageview_create_info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::builder()
.image(*image)
.view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
.format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
.subresource_range(*subresource_range);
let imageview =
unsafe { logical_device.create_image_view(&imageview_create_info, None) }?;
swapchain_imageviews.push(imageview);
}
let mut image_available = vec![];
let mut rendering_finished = vec![];
let mut may_begin_drawing = vec![];
let semaphoreinfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder();
let fenceinfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED);
for _ in 0..amount_of_images {
let semaphore_available =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
let semaphore_finished =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
image_available.push(semaphore_available);
rendering_finished.push(semaphore_finished);
let fence = unsafe { logical_device.create_fence(&fenceinfo, None) }?;
may_begin_drawing.push(fence);
}
Ok(SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader,
swapchain,
images: swapchain_images,
imageviews: swapchain_imageviews,
framebuffers: vec![],
surface_format,
extent,
amount_of_images,
current_image: 0,
image_available,
rendering_finished,
may_begin_drawing,
})
}
fn create_framebuffers(
&mut self,
logical_device: &ash::Device,
renderpass: vk::RenderPass,
) -> Result<(), vk::Result> {
for iv in &self.imageviews {
let iview = [*iv];
let framebuffer_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::builder()
.render_pass(renderpass)
.attachments(&iview)
.width(self.extent.width)
.height(self.extent.height)
.layers(1);
let fb = unsafe { logical_device.create_framebuffer(&framebuffer_info, None) }?;
self.framebuffers.push(fb);
}
Ok(())
}
unsafe fn cleanup(&mut self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
for fence in &self.may_begin_drawing {
logical_device.destroy_fence(*fence, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.image_available {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.rendering_finished {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for fb in &self.framebuffers {
logical_device.destroy_framebuffer(*fb, None);
}
for iv in &self.imageviews {
logical_device.destroy_image_view(*iv, None);
}
self.swapchain_loader
.destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None)
}
}
fn init_renderpass(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
format: vk::Format,
) -> Result<vk::RenderPass, vk::Result> {
let attachments = [vk::AttachmentDescription::builder()
.format(format)
.load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
.store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE)
.stencil_load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::DONT_CARE)
.stencil_store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::DONT_CARE)
.initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
.final_layout(vk::ImageLayout::PRESENT_SRC_KHR)
.samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
.build()];
let color_attachment_references = [vk::AttachmentReference {
attachment: 0,
layout: vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
}];
let subpasses = [vk::SubpassDescription::builder()
.color_attachments(&color_attachment_references)
.pipeline_bind_point(vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS)
.build()];
let subpass_dependencies = [vk::SubpassDependency::builder()
.src_subpass(vk::SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
.src_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
.dst_subpass(0)
.dst_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
.dst_access_mask(
vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ | vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE,
)
.build()];
let renderpass_info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo::builder()
.attachments(&attachments)
.subpasses(&subpasses)
.dependencies(&subpass_dependencies);
let renderpass = unsafe { logical_device.create_render_pass(&renderpass_info, None)? };
Ok(renderpass)
}
struct Pipeline {
pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
}
impl Pipeline {
fn cleanup(&self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
unsafe {
logical_device.destroy_pipeline(self.pipeline, None);
logical_device.destroy_pipeline_layout(self.layout, None);
}
}
fn init(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
swapchain: &SwapchainDongXi,
renderpass: &vk::RenderPass,
) -> Result<Pipeline, vk::Result> {
let vertexshader_createinfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::builder().code(
vk_shader_macros::include_glsl!("./shaders/shader.vert", kind: vert),
);
let vertexshader_module =
unsafe { logical_device.create_shader_module(&vertexshader_createinfo, None)? };
let fragmentshader_createinfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::builder()
.code(vk_shader_macros::include_glsl!("./shaders/shader.frag"));
let fragmentshader_module =
unsafe { logical_device.create_shader_module(&fragmentshader_createinfo, None)? };
let mainfunctionname = std::ffi::CString::new("main").unwrap();
let vertexshader_stage = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
.stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)
.module(vertexshader_module)
.name(&mainfunctionname);
let fragmentshader_stage = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
.stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT)
.module(fragmentshader_module)
.name(&mainfunctionname);
let shader_stages = vec![vertexshader_stage.build(), fragmentshader_stage.build()];
let vertex_input_info = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::builder();
let input_assembly_info = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::builder()
.topology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::POINT_LIST);
let viewports = [vk::Viewport {
x: 0.,
y: 0.,
width: swapchain.extent.width as f32,
height: swapchain.extent.height as f32,
min_depth: 0.,
max_depth: 1.,
}];
let scissors = [vk::Rect2D {
offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
extent: swapchain.extent,
}];
let viewport_info = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::builder()
.viewports(&viewports)
.scissors(&scissors);
let rasterizer_info = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::builder()
.line_width(1.0)
.front_face(vk::FrontFace::COUNTER_CLOCKWISE)
.cull_mode(vk::CullModeFlags::NONE)
.polygon_mode(vk::PolygonMode::FILL);
let multisampler_info = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::builder()
.rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1);
let colourblend_attachments = [vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::builder()
.blend_enable(true)
.src_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA)
.dst_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
.color_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
.src_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA)
.dst_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
.alpha_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
.color_write_mask(
vk::ColorComponentFlags::R
| vk::ColorComponentFlags::G
| vk::ColorComponentFlags::B
| vk::ColorComponentFlags::A,
)
.build()];
let colourblend_info =
vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::builder().attachments(&colourblend_attachments);
let pipelinelayout_info = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::builder();
let pipelinelayout =
unsafe { logical_device.create_pipeline_layout(&pipelinelayout_info, None) }?;
let pipeline_info = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::builder()
.stages(&shader_stages)
.vertex_input_state(&vertex_input_info)
.input_assembly_state(&input_assembly_info)
.viewport_state(&viewport_info)
.rasterization_state(&rasterizer_info)
.multisample_state(&multisampler_info)
.color_blend_state(&colourblend_info)
.layout(pipelinelayout)
.render_pass(*renderpass)
.subpass(0);
let graphicspipeline = unsafe {
logical_device
.create_graphics_pipelines(
vk::PipelineCache::null(),
&[pipeline_info.build()],
None,
)
.expect("A problem with the pipeline creation")
}[0];
unsafe {
logical_device.destroy_shader_module(fragmentshader_module, None);
logical_device.destroy_shader_module(vertexshader_module, None);
}
Ok(Pipeline {
pipeline: graphicspipeline,
layout: pipelinelayout,
})
}
}
struct Pools {
commandpool_graphics: vk::CommandPool,
commandpool_transfer: vk::CommandPool,
}
impl Pools {
fn init(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
) -> Result<Pools, vk::Result> {
let graphics_commandpool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap())
.flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER);
let commandpool_graphics =
unsafe { logical_device.create_command_pool(&graphics_commandpool_info, None) }?;
let transfer_commandpool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.transfer_q_index.unwrap())
.flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER);
let commandpool_transfer =
unsafe { logical_device.create_command_pool(&transfer_commandpool_info, None) }?;
Ok(Pools {
commandpool_graphics,
commandpool_transfer,
})
}
fn cleanup(&self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
unsafe {
logical_device.destroy_command_pool(self.commandpool_graphics, None);
logical_device.destroy_command_pool(self.commandpool_transfer, None);
}
}
}
fn create_commandbuffers(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
pools: &Pools,
amount: u32,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>, vk::Result> {
let commandbuf_allocate_info = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::builder()
.command_pool(pools.commandpool_graphics)
.command_buffer_count(amount);
unsafe { logical_device.allocate_command_buffers(&commandbuf_allocate_info) }
}
fn fill_commandbuffers(
commandbuffers: &[vk::CommandBuffer],
logical_device: &ash::Device,
renderpass: &vk::RenderPass,
swapchain: &SwapchainDongXi,
pipeline: &Pipeline,
) -> Result<(), vk::Result> {
for (i, &commandbuffer) in commandbuffers.iter().enumerate() {
let commandbuffer_begininfo = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::builder();
unsafe {
logical_device.begin_command_buffer(commandbuffer, &commandbuffer_begininfo)?;
}
let clearvalues = [vk::ClearValue {
color: vk::ClearColorValue {
float32: [0.0, 0.0, 0.08, 1.0],
},
}];
let renderpass_begininfo = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo::builder()
.render_pass(*renderpass)
.framebuffer(swapchain.framebuffers[i])
.render_area(vk::Rect2D {
offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
extent: swapchain.extent,
})
.clear_values(&clearvalues);
unsafe {
logical_device.cmd_begin_render_pass(
commandbuffer,
&renderpass_begininfo,
vk::SubpassContents::INLINE,
);
logical_device.cmd_bind_pipeline(
commandbuffer,
vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
pipeline.pipeline,
);
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 1, 1, 0, 0);
logical_device.cmd_end_render_pass(commandbuffer);
logical_device.end_command_buffer(commandbuffer)?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
struct Aetna {
window: winit::window::Window,
entry: ash::Entry,
instance: ash::Instance,
debug: std::mem::ManuallyDrop<DebugDongXi>,
surfaces: std::mem::ManuallyDrop<SurfaceDongXi>,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
physical_device_properties: vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties,
queue_families: QueueFamilies,
queues: Queues,
device: ash::Device,
swapchain: SwapchainDongXi,
renderpass: vk::RenderPass,
pipeline: Pipeline,
pools: Pools,
commandbuffers: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,
}
impl Aetna {
fn init(window: winit::window::Window) -> Result<Aetna, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let entry = ash::Entry::new()?;
let layer_names = vec!["VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"];
let instance = init_instance(&entry, &layer_names)?;
let debug = DebugDongXi::init(&entry, &instance)?;
let surfaces = SurfaceDongXi::init(&window, &entry, &instance)?;
let (physical_device, physical_device_properties) =
init_physical_device_and_properties(&instance)?;
let queue_families = QueueFamilies::init(&instance, physical_device, &surfaces)?;
let (logical_device, queues) =
init_device_and_queues(&instance, physical_device, &queue_families, &layer_names)?;
let mut swapchain = SwapchainDongXi::init(
&instance,
physical_device,
&logical_device,
&surfaces,
&queue_families,
&queues,
)?;
let renderpass = init_renderpass(
&logical_device,
physical_device,
swapchain.surface_format.format,
)?;
swapchain.create_framebuffers(&logical_device, renderpass)?;
let pipeline = Pipeline::init(&logical_device, &swapchain, &renderpass)?;
let pools = Pools::init(&logical_device, &queue_families)?;
let commandbuffers =
create_commandbuffers(&logical_device, &pools, swapchain.amount_of_images)?;
fill_commandbuffers(
&commandbuffers,
&logical_device,
&renderpass,
&swapchain,
&pipeline,
)?;
Ok(Aetna {
window,
entry,
instance,
debug: std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(debug),
surfaces: std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(surfaces),
physical_device,
physical_device_properties,
queue_families,
queues,
device: logical_device,
swapchain,
renderpass,
pipeline,
pools,
commandbuffers,
})
}
}
impl Drop for Aetna {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
self.device
.device_wait_idle()
.expect("something wrong while waiting");
self.pools.cleanup(&self.device);
self.pipeline.cleanup(&self.device);
self.device.destroy_render_pass(self.renderpass, None);
self.swapchain.cleanup(&self.device);
self.device.destroy_device(None);
std::mem::ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.surfaces);
std::mem::ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.debug);
self.instance.destroy_instance(None)
};
}
}
855줄(main.rs + 셰이더)의 코드, 그리고 화면에는 단 하나의 점. 하지만 처음에 언급했듯이, 아무것도 없는 상태에서 첫 번째 점(좋아요, 거기서는 삼각형이라고 말했지만요)까지 가는 길이 Vulkan 여정에서 가장 길고 어려운 부분입니다. (솔직히 말해서, 이 초기 단계를 몇 걸음 넘어선 사람으로서 이런 주장을 하는 것은 다소 대담합니다. 하지만 이 감정은 더 경험 많은 프로그래머들도 공유하는 것 같습니다.) 우리는 이미 너무 많은 주제를 다루어서 “단지 점 하나를 그리는 것” 이상의 일을 했으며, 이 모든 것이 장면 뒤에서 어떻게 일어나는지에 대해 최소한의 아이디어를 가지고 있습니다. 이 “화면에 점” 프로그램을 조금이라도 더 흥미로운 것으로 만들기 전에, 우리가 걸어온 길을 돌아봅시다.